La percezione delle api e di ciò che le circonda non può essere immaginata dall’uomo con grande semplicità; le dimensioni, l’olfatto, la vista, i colori, i suoni,
il modo di spostarsi volando ed, infine, il tempo che scorre:
la vita di un’ape è così breve che quasi ogni mese si perdono intere “generazioni”.
Ma il super organismo non muore mai.
Essere un ape, vivere una vita da ape, sentire, percepire, “desiderare” e sopravvivere da ape è un concetto distante anni luce dal nostro mondo e che non sfiora facilmente la nostra immaginazione.
Per capire o tentare di capire come aiutare o agevolare le api, in questo momento estremamente drammatico anche per gli Apoidei in genere, potrebbe essere utile mettersi nei loro panni, “infilarsi” 3 paia di zampe, 2 paia di ali ed osservare il mondo con “occhi diversi”.
I primi “20 giorni” di vita vengono passati nel piacevole tepore di una casa al buio totale o quasi, in un mondo fatto di odori, ronzii e contatti fisici continui. Un ruolo cruciale è svolto dalle antenne che si trovano al centro del capo e hanno dei peli molto sensibili. Queste permettono all’ape di riconoscere anche al buio le cose, le sorelle o sorellastre, i fuchi e la Regina. Tra i peli delle antenne sono presenti numerose cavità che formano l’organo dell’odorato, che conferisce all’ape un acuto senso dell’olfatto. Le comunicazioni sono di tipo semiochimico (mediante ormoni) e meccaniche, attraverso antennamenti e vibrazioni prodotte dall’addome ma anche dal “motore” delle ali. Nelle antenne è presente anche l’organo di Johnston, un organo in grado di rilevare i suoni che pervadono il mondo che le circonda. Le api sono anche capaci di utilizzare le zampette per percepire piccole vibrazioni prodotte da un’ape perlustratrice (Tautz, 2009), intenta a convincere un numero cospicuo di bottinatrici a seguirla, sopra ad i margini di un favo “sganciato” alla base dall’asticella di legno. Questo permette di comunicare l’ubicazione di un pascolo ad un maggior numero di operaie rispetto ad un favo saldato alla cornice (Tautz, 2009), quindi non va eliminato ma visto con estrema soddisfazione.
Il mondo dentro l’alveare – per chi nasce, cresce ed impara alcuni mestieri fondamentali alla loro esistenza, –è ordinato, rumoroso, vibrante, climatizzato conumidità e temperatura controllate ed è ventilato “a circolazione forzata”!
L’inizio della loro avventura è probabilmente molto confortante: nessunaape si sente mai sola, c’è chi pulisce, chi disinfetta, chi prepara le celle per la ovideposizione, chi si preoccupa di nutrire la covata e le api appena nate e chile massaggia appena sfarfallate. Ma, come in tutte le famiglie non regna sempre la tranquillità e così ci troviamo difronte al primo grande problema: il cibo. Le api come noi, vorrebbero cibo sano e biologico (senza veleni), con il giusto quantitativo di proteine lipidi e zuccheri e, perché no,a chilometro zero. Tutto questo oggi è possibile? Gli alveari c’è da chiedersi ad esempio, si trovano sempre vicino a fonti trofiche disponibili per tutto l’anno? Oppure, nei pressi dell’alveare sono presenti fonti di acqua fresca e ossigenata? Nel caso si trovassero vicino a campi coltivati, come accade spesso per migliorare il rendimento delle produzioni agricole, noi uomini terremmo in considerazione le esigenze dell’apiario, classificandole come prioritarie? Cercheremo di dare una risposta con alcuni esempi. Il girasole è una pianta molto coltivata e le sue sementi rappresentano un vero e proprio affare commerciale. Le multinazionali dell’agricoltura, come sappiamo, non sono a partecipazione statale e hanno dunque bisogno di monetizzare i loro investimenti, quindi nella selezione delle piante di girasole le caratteristiche che vengono migliorate sono quelle che interessano e rendono appetibili le cultivarper gli operatori del mondo agricolo: la grandezza del seme, la grandezza del capolino, la lunghezza e robustezza del caule, la resistenza alla siccità, la resistenza a erbicidie diserbanti etc..Ma qualcuno si è mai preoccupato della quantità del nettare prodotto da queste nuove sementi? È stata mai controllata la qualità del polline generato da queste cultivar? Viene misurato il valore proteico dei granuli pollinici? La risposta purtroppo è scontata, ma la cosa importantesarebbe già quella di preoccuparsi di questi aspettieciò significherebbecominciare a ragionare negli interessi di tutti, api comprese! Quindi la sostenibilità di un brevetto non dovrebbe avere solo un ritorno economico ma dovrebbe essere un vantaggio per tutti. Infatti se si monetizzasse il valore, solo in agricoltura, del servizio di impollinazione svolto gratuitamentedalle api (in salute eben nutrite) questo è quantificato in oltre 150 miliardi di euroogni singolo anno, nel mondo. Questi numeri dovrebbero risultare sufficienti a mettere in primo piano la salvaguardia delle api,chesignificherebbe garantireanche la conservazione dell’ambiente.
Pensate ad un’altro esempio: un’ape appena nata sente un trambusto incredibile e vede arrivare di continuo api adulte che spruzzano con decisione acqua, vaporizzandola, e flotte di sorelle e sorellastre che ventilano, energicamente e rumorosamente, eliminando il calore intrappolato nel vapore così generato. Cosa è successo? Perché tutto questa agitazione? Un semplice errore umano? Il solito apiario tutto il giorno in pieno sole o un nuovo record dei mutamenti climatici? La responsabilità in ogni caso è del genere umano, che dimostra di essere sempre meno sapiens.
Un grande regalo per le api sarebbe quello di ubicare gli apiari solo sotto alberature di specie caducifoglie, per ottenere ombra in estate e luce e calore in inverno. Un grosso impegno per gli apicoltori ma in definitiva uno stress in meno per le nostre alleate api ed un minore consumo di energia per l’intera colonia. Ma in cosa si tradurrebbe questo vantaggio? Semplicemente non sarebbero costrette a raccogliere una decina litri di acqua al giorno ma potrebbero dedicarsi al loro super organismo, all’ottimizzazione delle scorte, alla pulizia, alla difesa della famiglia, alla costruzione e riparazione di parti dell’alveare, all’approvvigionamento di nettare, di polline e di propoli.
La percezione delle api e di ciò le che circonda, quindi, non può essere immaginato da noi sapiens con grande semplicità; le dimensioni, l’olfatto, la vista, i colori, i suoni, il modo di spostarsi volando ed in fine il tempo che scorre: la vita di un’ape è così breve che quasi ogni mese perdiamo intere “generazioni”. Ma infiliamoci nuovamente per un’attimo in quel esoscheletro poco più lungo di un centimetro ed immaginiamo di svolgere un volo di bottinamento. La durata di questo viaggio mediamente sarà di 20 minuti circa: 6 per arrivare, 6 per tornare, mentre, per bottinare 150 fiorellini (a 4 secondi cadauno sono 600 secondi totali) saranno necessari altri 10 minuti. Paragonando la durata della nostra vita con la loro, il viaggio che compie un’ape laboriosa 10 volte al giorno è un’avventura di 11 giorni di filato, 3 giorni di volo per arrivare, 5 per visitare le piante e 3 ancora di volo continuo per tornare. Uno sforzo notevole per raccogliere le provviste necessarie alla colonia e per compiere quell’atto di impollinazione che cambiò la faccia della terra forse circa 50 milioni di anni fa! Infatti prima del loro avvento è ipotizzabile ci fossero solo, sulla Terra, alcune migliaia di piante diverse, prevalentemente Gimnosperme e Pteridofite.
Durante il volo le api non percepiscono le immagini da lontano, non vedono panorami nel dettaglio ma è come se la luce del sole le prendesse per mano e le accompagnasse lungo la strada che le condurrà al pascolo.
Le api in volo non vedono i colori e percepiscono immagini sgranate a pixel (come un’immagine a bassa risoluzione vista da vicino al computer). Date le dimensioni del mondo che perlustrano le bottinatrici cominciano a mettere a fuoco ad una distanza di pochi centimetri dal fiore. I colori vengono percepiti nella lunghezza d’onda dell’ultravioletto, di conseguenza l’ape vede motivi a noi umani invisibili e colori poco sgargianti, differenti dai nostri. E lo scorrere del tempo permette loro di vedere tutto al rallentatore.
Raggiunto il pascolo dovrebbero essere pervase piacevolmente dall’odore della fioritura, il loro olfatto è stellare, quasi un “terzo occhio” anche se di occhi ne hanno d’avvero tanti. Ma pensate che avventura. In ogni fiore un incontro con un cugino o un parente alla lontana, un’ape solitaria, un bombo, una eucera, una mosca. All’improvviso l’agguato di un ragno, che pensa solo al suo tornaconto o un rettile o una cugina assassina con prole carnivora, senza pietà. Ma l’ape aveva “subodorato” qualcosa di strano e la scampa. Durante la visita a 150 fiorellini diversi, ecco il conforto di altre sorelle che la incitano a sbrigarsi ed a tornare perché improvvisamente il melario è nuovamente vuoto! … E via un nuovo viaggio di ritorno a 30 km/h. Ma questa volta durante il suo “cammino” una strana sostanza pervade l’aria, perde l’orientamento, cerca di ricordasi ma la testa non risponde più. Era ancora una volta il “sapiens” con la sua miope visione del mondo!
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